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v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=blue style='tab-interval:.5in'> <div class=WordSection1> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> <h1><u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>ASTRONOMY 120</span></u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Highlights of Astronomy<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <h2 style='margin-left:1.0in'><i><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Fall Quarter 2011</span></i><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> <h3><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Instructor: <a href="http://www.astro.northwestern.edu/~ulmer">Mel Ulmer</a><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Office: <u><span style='color:blue'><a href="http://maps.northwestern.edu/#latlngz=42.052%2C-87.674%2C17&amp;lookupid=">Dearborn Observatory #3<span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none'> </span></a></span></u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Phone: 491-5633 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Email: <a href="mailto:">m-ulmer2@northwestern.edu</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.2in; margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Office Hours: by appointment, or M</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.</span></sup></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>F 3:00-4:00<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.2in; margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>TA Nick <span class=SpellE>Mucia</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Office: Tech F147<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>e</span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>-mail:</span> <a href="mailto:NicholasMucia2016@u.northwestern.edu">NicholasMucia2016@u.northwestern.edu</a></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>phone</span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: 773-206-0663<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Office Hours: 3:00-4:00 <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>p.m</span></span><span class=GramE><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Tuesdays</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                  </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>11:00 a.m.-12:00 noon Wednesdays<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Review sessions will be held in <a href="http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/maps/building/3">Tech</a> (Map of 3<sup>rd</sup> floor of Tech), where: 1<sup>st</sup> one in Annenberg G15, the last two <span class=GramE>in<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span></span><a href="http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/maps/">M345</a> (go to the link and type in M345 in the Tech room finder search box)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.55in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.05in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>8:00-9:30 p.m.Tuesdays Oct 11 and Nov 1, plus Sunday Nov 20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.55in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.05in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.55in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.05in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Observing at Dearborn, 8:00-9:30 p.m. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.55in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.05in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>All observing sessions are on Monday nights starting 26 September (I hope; Check on Friday Sept 23). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.55in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.05in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The last session will be 28 November</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Lectures: MWF at 2:00-2:50 P.M.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Tech LR2<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Textbook: <i><span style='color:green'>The <span class=SpellE>Comos</span></span></i><span style='color:green'> (3rd edition; ISBN 0-495-01303-X<span class=GramE>)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>by</span> <span class=SpellE>Pasachoff</span> and <span class=SpellE>Filippenko</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:green'>3 Mid-Term <span class=GramE>Exams :</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <span style='color:red'>Wednesdays<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Oct 12,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Nov 2,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Plus Monday Nov 21<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span></span>(50 min) in LR2<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:green'>Optional Paper <span class=GramE>Due :</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Friday Nov 18<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><span style='color:red'>NO E-Mail deliveries allowed,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size: 24.0pt;color:red'>NO Final Exam:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>(3 Mid terms and quizzes instead)</span></b></p> <h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>The X and Y notations: absence from final examinations and other incomplete work. Students are expected to complete all work in each of their courses by the appropriate deadline. They are not granted permission to make up a final examination or complete other assigned course work after the end of a quarter except in circumstances clearly beyond their control. Instructors may assign an incomplete (Y) or administer a makeup final examination only with prior permission from the Office of Undergraduate Studies and Advising. More information on the policy and process for incompletes is available in the WCAS Adviser Handbook at <a href="http://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/advising/rules/grades.html#5">http://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/advising/rules/grades.html - 5</a></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> <h3><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:red'>Quizzes</span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>We'll have four, 5 minute quizzes on Friday and make up quizzes on Monday.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>See below for the dates. You can replace one quiz with a paper.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>If your paper does not receive a grade higher than you lowest quiz grade, I ll keep the quiz grade.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>Note, based on previous experience, do not count on a <span class=GramE>grade<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>higher</span> than 3/5 on your paper.</i></span></p> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><br> <u>The Paper <o:p></o:p></u></span></h3> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:normal'>The paper is no more than one page (12 <span class=SpellE>pt</span><span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>1</span> inch margins,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>single spaced) , and<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>it is to be a critical analysis of an astronomy article from any magazine or newspaper<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>in the past 1 year.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>By critical analysis, I mean did the article convince you the discovery was both interesting and valid.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>On the first point, I don t mean:  Gosh, <span class=GramE>I<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>found</span> it so fascinating to learn that there is really and truly a black hole in the center of our galaxy.  <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Rather<span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>I</span> mean is how does the discovery fit into a broader context? <span class=GramE>e</span>.g., the discovery of a black hole in the center of our galaxy gives proof both that Einstein s Theory of General relativity is valid and that this gives us insights (OK no direct knowledge of) that perhaps galaxies are all formed about large (a million times the mass of the Sun of more) black holes<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>On the second point, somebody will say they have proved there is a black hole in the center of our galaxy.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>What proof do they offer?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>And, why or why not do you find the presented evidence compelling (or not)?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>I recommend the <i>NY Times Science Times</i><span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>but</span> <i>Astronomy Magazine</i> <i>and<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Sky and Telescope</i> will work as well.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span><i>Scientific American</i><span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><i>Nature</i></span> , or <i>Science Magazine</i> are not for the faint at heart.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>You must submit a copy of the article along with you paper.<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> <h3><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Grading Policy</span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The course grade will be on 3 &quot;mid-term exam&quot; (25%, 25%, and 30%; 80% total<span class=GramE>)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>and</span> quizzes (20%). The exams will consist of multiple choice, short answer, and essay questions. In the case of missed exams, make-ups will only be considered under the direst of circumstances and will consist of an oral test. Quizzes will consist of a short essay question or questions. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Nearly Required: Attendance for at least one observing session.</span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Dearborn Observatory has an <span class=GramE>18 inch</span> refractor that allows spectacular viewing of the planets, the moon and other objects. Observing sessions will probably be held on Tuesday evenings, but check on Friday (here or in class), 23 September for the day of the week for the observing sessions. There will be two sessions. Each will be one hour long and will be limited to 10 students. The first session will be held the second week of class. The times of the sessions will be announced at the end of the preceding week and the beginning of the week of the sessions. Sign up sheets will be made available in class and attendance will be taken at the sessions. You are allowed to attend more than one session. </span><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'>You should attend at least one session. </span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt; color:black'>The <span class=GramE>session will</span> he held regardless of whether it is cloudy or not. A tour will be given in any event. Repeat attendance to achieve actual viewing is encouraged, but not required.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span></span><b><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt; color:red'>If you are on the boarder line, <span class=SpellE>i.e</span> within 1-2 percentage points of the next grade level down, and you have not gone to an observing session I ll move you down ½ a grade<span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>e.g</span>., from B to B-<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <h3><u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>General Course Outline (note, I will not cover all of each chapter) <o:p></o:p></span></u></h3> <h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        </span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Week 1 (Sept 21-23) <o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br> Introduction, <span style='color:green'>Read Chapters 1,2</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.95in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;tab-stops: list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://spacescience.nasa.gov/">NASA Office of Space Science</a> - the US space facilities</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.95in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;tab-stops: list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/what.html">The Naval Observatory Web Page</a> - &quot;the web site for those who really want to know what time it is&quot;</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.95in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;tab-stops: list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://store.skypub.com/">Sky Online</a> - courtesy of Sky and Telescope magazine</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">           </span></span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 2 (Sept 26-30<span class=GramE>)<span style='color:windowtext'> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">            </span><span style='color:green'>Read Chapters 3, 4.1,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>4.2, (skip the rest of chapter 4), 6 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style='text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#FF6600'>Quiz on Friday Sept 30</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/geometric-optics/geometric-optics_en.html">Lens simulator</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/blackbody-spectrum/blackbody-spectrum_en.html">Black Body Radiation</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.ub.edu/javaoptics/index-en.html">Optics Simulators for the experts</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/animations/mirror.html">X-ray Optics</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 3 (Oct 4-8)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'>Read <span class=GramE>Chapters<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>7</span>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>8, 9.1, 9.2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Quiz <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=SolarSys">Another Web Page on the Solar System</a> - links to other web pages </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://nineplanets.org/">The Entire Solar System at your fingertips</a> - links to other web pages </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/vphase.html">The Moon phases</a> great for avoiding were-wolves, planning grunion run expeditions, or even looking that the sky</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.wechoosethemoon.org/">The Apollo 11 launch</a> </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.lpod.org/cwm//LunarCourse/lunar-geology-course.htm">Geology of the Moon web course</a></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'>&nbsp;</span></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 4 (Oct 11-15) <br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'>Review on Monday 11 Oct, <b>Review Session 12 Oct 8:00-9:30 pm.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:red'>Exam <span class=GramE>Wed<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Oct</span> 12 covering chapters 1, 2, 3, 4.1, 4.2, 6, 7, 8,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>9.1,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'>After exam read chapter 10 part</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#9BBB59;mso-themecolor: accent3'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 5 (Oct 17-21)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'> </span></b><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'>Read Chapters 10 part, 11, 12<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Quiz On Friday Oct 21<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/discovery-news-sdo-captures-eruptions-on-sun/">Solar movies</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/collection/">Some really neat solar system pictures</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SYtIQC836s">SDO movie link</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mov/162009main_08b_SunsStructure.mov">Solar structure movie</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZe5D3MSjOI&amp;NR=1">SOHO AND TRACE</a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><b><span style='color:red'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 6</span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'> (Oct 24-28) </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">            </span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'>Read Chapters 13, 14<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa/13499-chandra-stellar-evolution-video.htm">Stellar evolution movie</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU6X3SPZAJo&amp;feature=related">Another evolution movie</a> </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/supernovae.htm">Another s lecture on <span class=SpellE>SNae</span></a></span><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://snap.lbl.gov/multimedia/animations/">Extensive material on <span class=SpellE>SNae</span></a></span><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/hr_interactive.html">Move your star on the HR diagram</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.astro.ubc.ca/~scharein/a311/Sim/hr/HRdiagram.html">Evolve your HR diagram</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://espg.sr.unh.edu/ism/links.html">More about the ISM than you care fo</a>r<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHayvV92PKA&amp;feature=related">A stellar birth movie</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W13ZYepDBvo&amp;feature=related">Triggered Star formation, chicken and egg</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='color:green'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='color:green'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">           </span></span><b><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Quiz on Friday Oct 28 <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 7</span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'> (Oct 31-4)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/neutron_stars.html">X-ray emitting pulsars</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~pulsar/Education/Sounds/sounds.html">Sounds of radio pulsars</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/blackholes/lesson/index.html">Black Holes</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoLvOvGW3Tk&amp;feature=related">All Kinds of collisions</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNc-JLysk9Y&amp;feature=related">Neil de Grasse Tyson on falling into a black hole</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYKyt3C0oT4&amp;feature=related">Weird stuff inside a black hole</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'>Review<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>On</span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'> Monday, Review session Tuesday<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Night 8:00-9:30 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:red'>Exam On Wednesday Nov 2 covering Chapters 10<span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>11</span> , 12 13,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>14<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'>After exam chapter 15<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 8</span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'> (Nov 7-11)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDxFjq-scvU">Lecture (&gt; 1 <span class=SpellE>hr</span>) Black hole at the Galactic Center</a> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36xZsgZ0oSo">Fun Journey to the GC</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><a href="http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/images/2008orbits_animfull.gif">Star orbits around GC</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'>Read Chapters 16, 17 (part), 18</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Week 9</span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'> (Nov14-18) </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo14;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGP4BHR-iBY">Observable Universe with Sloan Galaxy Images</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo14;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8252705102362324792">Observable Universe <span class=SpellE>ot</span> its edge</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo14;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpNqhjL8pJ4&amp;NR=1">Planck Satellite First Light</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo14;tab-stops: list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New"; color:green'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:green'><a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8252705102362324792#docid=-7490607376062993227">French film that has nothing to do with the <span class=SpellE>the</span> class, but is amusing</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'>Read Chapters 19<span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>20</span> <b>Review session Sunday Night Nov 20, 8:00-9:30 p.m.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:green'>Review Friday Nov 19</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Week <span class=GramE>10<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Nov</span> 21 <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'>Nov 21 Exam</span><span style='color:black'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'>Covering 15, 16, 17 (part) 18, 19, 20</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: ttp://thumbs.ifood.tv/files/images/food/bird-turkey-05.jpg" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:14.45pt; width:202.8pt;height:134.95pt;z-index:251658240;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0; mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:left; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0; mso-width-relative:page;mso-height-relative:page'> <v:imagedata src="" o:title="//thumbs.ifood.tv/files/images/food/bird-turkey-05.jpg"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=205 height=137 src="a120_fall2011rev4_files/image001.png" align=left hspace=9 alt="Description: ttp://thumbs.ifood.tv/files/images/food/bird-turkey-05.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7"><![endif]><b><i><span style='font-size:16.0pt; font-family:"Lucida Blackletter";color:#993366'>Happy Thanksgiving<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span></span></i></b><i><span style='font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Blackletter";color:#993366'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <div style='margin-left:.5in'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=3 width="100%" noshade style='color:#AAAAAA' align=center> </span></div> </div> <p><span style='color:black'><br> &nbsp;</span></p> <h3 style='margin-left:1.5in'><u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>The First Lecture</span></u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>As a way of introduction, I would like to begin by making some general&nbsp;comments. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>First, Astronomy is probably the oldest science. Anybody who has looked up at the sky has gazed in wonderment. Driven both by curiosity and religion, man continued to study the sky. There were some pretty important religious based questions that were addressed, such as exactly where did man and the earth stand compared to the universe. On the curiosity side, we are simply driven on and to learn more even as we learn more. For, as we delve in to the limitless universe it seems we often uncover new questions as we answer old ones. The growth in our knowledge of physics in the past 100 years has allowed us to understand a great deal about the stars, planets, galaxies and the universe at large. In the distant past when this knowledge wasn't available, astronomers had more use as astrologers. They told people the location of the planets etc. The concept of a supernatural being and how the being's existence explains the existence and characteristics of Earth has affected people's connection with organized religion and vice versa. The knowledge of astronomy was useful for debates in this area. The Copernican Revolution was a classic example. Now we enter a new era of astronomy and astrophysics where billions of dollars are spent every year on astrophysics research, and society as a whole is starting to ask tough questions such as why is this research necessary? What's in it for me? Or why do I find it interesting? And is it <span class=GramE>worth&nbsp; that</span> much money?&nbsp; This has placed a requirement on the professional astrophysicist to emphasize research that connects directly to the interests of the layman rather than, perhaps, the esoteric interests of the peer group of astronomers and astrophysicists who know enough to ask detailed questions. You, as future leaders and taxpayers will have to answer the question of how much funding to give to <span class=GramE>astronomy&nbsp; and</span> astrophysics and why. Two of my goals in this course are to motivate you to want to learn this material and to teach you enough so that you will be able to make educated choices about future funding as well as to appreciate future press releases and discoveries. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>There is another reason for you to take this course, however, and that is to learn how to think like a scientist. So stop to think a minute now, what does it mean to you when the TV reporter <span class=GramE>says</span> &quot;today scientists have announced the discovery of...&quot; The use of the word scientist had a certain implied reliability, right? Why is that? And why do most universities <i>require</i> that you take <span class=GramE>an</span> science class?&nbsp; This is because you are supposed to receive some training to behave like a scientist, right? Yet mostly the astronomy, biology and geology courses that are offered are descriptive courses where the main goal is to teach jargon and facts. The facts will be useful as noted above, but beyond that this new knowledge will make you more conversant, and if your child asks you something about the sky someday you'll be able to give a concrete answer. But is this motivation enough to require that you take a science class? <span class=GramE>Probably not.</span> It is better for you to get some training at acting scientifically. We won't be able to do this rigorously, but I hope you will actually benefit from this class. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Here are some of the things that I hope will stick with you: </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>(1) Be methodical and take careful notes: since this is the is the art of making reproducible results, e.g., if you tell somebody exactly how you did something, they should be able to repeat it and get the same result. As an aside here, there is implied a certain level of competency in being able to reproduce the results. I could get a very precise ski lesson and still not be able to make it down a snow covered slope in one piece. Nevertheless, detailed recording of how the measurements were done, the material was made, <span class=SpellE>etc</span> is what is needed. One of the things that <span class=GramE>makes</span> most of us disbelieve in UFOs, leprechauns, Big Foot <span class=SpellE>etc</span>, is that the supposed observations are not reproducible in any controlled fashion. (Sure people continue to <i>report</i> UFOs, Big Foot <span class=SpellE>etc</span>, but there is no concrete, reproducible evidence of these things.) </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>2) Think deductively and critically. For example, if a marketing person calls you and tells you that if you follow their advice, you will become rich... Think about it...Why doesn't the <span class=GramE>person on the end of the line just follow their</span> own advice? OR thinking critically: a football player a few years ago had a sore back and the team had him take <i>40</i> <span class=SpellE>Advils</span> a day.&nbsp; What was he thinking? Didn't the read the bottle for directions? Also when somebody provides you with a fact that is important to you, how do they know? What is their reference, or how did they make the measurement? This will even allow you to pick out exaggerated claims such as &quot;Scientists discover Black Hole....''. How did they <i>know</i>? </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>(3) Avoid as often as you can qualitative thinking and descriptions versus quantitative descriptions, e.g. it's a long way to <span class=SpellE>Tipperary</span><span class=GramE>..what</span> does &quot;long way&quot; mean? </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>(4) Always have an idea of where you are going, why are you going there and a schedule for achieving those goals. No scientific project that takes more than a few hours or days can be done on time and within budget without systematic planning, project justification, budgets etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>As we learn about the Milk Way Galaxy we will find it is huge. And thus unlike the solar system where we can send satellites (or even people) to explore the planets, moons asteroid and comets, we can at the very best only hope to reach the nearest stars. For, at 1/10 the speed of light, about as fast as we can ever imagine achieving with a rocket<span class=GramE>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>it</span> would take 40 years to reach the closet star.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span>To get a picture of our galaxy then would take a rocket trip <span class=GramE>of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>about</span> 10,000-100,000 years!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Clearly this in not feasible, so an interesting questions for our class are: how do we know what our galaxy looks like <span class=GramE>and<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>what</span> is it made up of?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'>Imagine, then, for a <span class=GramE>moment<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>that</span> we are intelligent amoebae living ½ way up a 20 year old oak tree trunk.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>We only live for a second to two, but we re so smart that we ve developed a technology to look through the tree and well as outward. We have no hope to traveling proportionally far in the tree trunk nor do we have much motivation given our life spans.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span>For, even if we could achieve high velocities (for us), it would take tens to hundreds of millions of lifetime so go around the trunk once.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span>We have figured out via remote sensing that we are on a thing that has leaves<span class=GramE>,,</span> and bark and branches. Then we have to look out and see if we could <span class=GramE>find<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>something</span> that looks like what we think we live in. We see grass and conclude, nope, not grass. Then we see bushes, rocks and maybe even <span class=GramE>an</span> house.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><span class=GramE>Nope, not those.</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><span class=GramE>either</span>, we conclude<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span>Then<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>we see a red bud tree. Note not that either, but closer.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Our habitant is related at least. Then finally we find a <span class=GramE>20 year old</span> oak tree and we by virtue of establishing the distance to the oak tree, determine that its size and shape meets the description of our own tree. How we figured out distance in our own tree, and then to the next trees was tricky, but we did it.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Determining that there are deciduous and non-deciduous trees would take some careful recoding for about 10 million generations if a generation were only 1-2 seconds! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In this next example, we see that of humans, not knowing distances and sizes to objects gave them much less interest to us when they were originally discovered.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Thus, the early 1800 s when astronomers still didn t know that we lived <span class=GramE>in<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>galaxy</span> of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>enormous size.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Then the Messier catalog was made<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>(by M. Charles Messier) to list objects that looked fuzzy and didn t move with respect to the  fixed stars.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Therefore at that time these fuzzy objects were judged uninteresting. Thus, the catalog was judged good so you didn t mistake theses boring objects for something that looks and fuzzy and moves in the sky with respect to the background <span class=GramE>stars ,</span> i.e. comets.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Now those fuzzy things have turned to be galaxies and one of the most famous is M31 (number 31 in the catalog), also called Andromeda. I wonder if we re making similar mistakes now!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>I hope not!</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> </div> </body> </html>